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The Kidneys1. The kidneys look like two large beans (kidney beans).
2. The kidneys produce urine, which is a liquid containing wastes, which goes
into the bladder.
The study of the human body can be a very enlightening and, thereby, a very
rewarding experience for a young child. Although all of us believe we are familiar
with our individual bodies, we may also feel that they are mysterious. As we
look at ourselves in the mirror we see some of our body parts, but we know that
there are other parts or organs that we cannot see, even as they function. We learn
to manage many of the body’s functions at a conscious level — such as through
movement and thought. However, there are other functions that our bodies perform
unconsciously. These unconscious actions such as the beating of our hearts,
respiration and digestion are generally not observable. Young children have a natural
curiosity about their bodies. This curiosity can motivate them to learn about
the human body.
especially if they develop some notion for the basis of its use. The basic
principle in its operation is that matter usually expands as it absorbs heat.
Thermometers contain a substance that readily expands when heated. Mercury,
in its liquid state, and alcohol are substances that expand as they absorb heat.
Since mercury is more expensive than alcohol, most inexpensive thermometers
contain colored alcohol to give the temperature reading.
A thermometer scale for the ambient temperature is marked in units called
degrees (°), shown in multiples of 10.
The reference points of a thermometer are usually the freezing and boiling points of water. To measure body temperature,
however, oral thermometers show scales between 92° and 105° F. Each unit on the
scale is divided into five subunits. An observant student may ask about the differences
in these two types of thermometers.
An oral thermometer has been calibrated so that each large mark shows one
degree and each small mark measures 2/10 of a degree. When reading the thermometer,
the students learn to rotate it in their fingers until they can see the level
of the colored liquid against the scale. They will need to practice this for a while
until they can do it consistently.
It is the purpose of this unit to give basic information about the biological systems
with which the body performs its amazing functions. As children learn how
muscles and bones help them move, how teeth and tongue help them digest their
food or how the blood helps keep the body warm and protected from invading
harmful organisms, they develop an appreciation of the body and of the scientific
methods needed to learn about the body’s seen as well as unseen but necessary
activities.
